Which concept was challenged during the mid-1600s?

The mid-1600s marked a pivotal moment in the history of science, particularly in the challenge to the Geocentric Theory. This theory, which positioned the Earth at the center of the universe with the sun and other celestial bodies revolving around it, was widely accepted for centuries, largely due to the teachings of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and reinforced by the Church's endorsement.

During this time, thinkers like Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model, suggesting that the sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the solar system. This idea was further supported by observations made by astronomers such as Galileo Galilei, who utilized telescopes to provide evidence that contradicted the Geocentric Theory. The shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric understanding of the universe not only transformed scientific thought but also had profound implications on religious and philosophical views, challenging long-held beliefs about humanity's place in the cosmos.

In contrast, the other concepts listed—inductive reasoning, religious doctrines, and Newton's Laws of Motion—were not as significantly re-evaluated during this time frame. Inductive reasoning was part of the scientific method that was developing during this period, while Newton's Laws of Motion